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1.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-217203

ABSTRACT

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a notifiable and reportable disease recognised by the Office Internationale Epizooties (OIE) and penned for eradication by 2030. It is an endemic and devastating disease of small ruminants in some countries of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The disease militates against small ruminant production and increased flock numbers in the region. Information and literature on the current review was especially obtained and compiled from CABI abstract data base, PubMed, Scopus, Elibrary USA and other online publications. This review highlights the viral structure, epidemiology, predisposing factors, clinical signs, pathology, immunoprophylaxis, diagnostic techniques and therapeutics of the disease with a view to generating increased scientific research interests on PPR. It is hoped that more robust scientific research breakthroughs could emerge particularly in the area of immunoprophylaxis, rapid penside diagnosis, and alternative therapeutics such as the use of probiotics. This will in no small measure boost small ruminant production, alleviate poverty and increase food security in countries endemic with the disease.

2.
Chinese Journal of Biologicals ; (12): 489-2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-976193

ABSTRACT

@#Peste des petits ruminants(PPR)is a highly contagious disease with high mortality which is caused by peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV)infection and leads to enormous economic losses for sheep husbandry both at home and abroad. The knowledge of interactions between PPRV and host cells is the basis of understanding of the pathogenesis and the prerequisite of disease prevention and control. This paper reviews the studies on the activation of host innate immune response by PPRV infection,the immune evasion of PPRV mediated by viral protein products,and the induction of apoptosis,autophagy and inflammasome resistance to virus,which provides a reference for further discussion on the immune evasion of PPRV and the key nodes involved in the interaction between PPRV and the host,thus providing theoretical guidance for effective prevention and control of PPR transmission.

3.
Chinese Journal of Biologicals ; (12): 1014-1020, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-996576

ABSTRACT

@#Peste des petits ruminants(PPR)is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV),which mainly infects goats and sheep with high morbidity and mortality. Because of its serious pathological damage and wide spread,PPR has caused huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry and international trade in various countries,so it is particularly important to establish a rapid and accurate detection method for the prevention and control of the disease. This paper reviews the progress in research on biological detection techniques for PPRV detection,such as routine RT-PCR,routine multiplex PCR,real-time fluorence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR),pyrosequencing,nested PCR(nPCR),loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)and recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA),so as to provide bases and ideas for scientific detection and identification of PPRV.

4.
CienciaUAT ; 17(1): 152-161, jul.-dic. 2022. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1404113

ABSTRACT

Resumen La verminosis pulmonar en ovinos y caprinos es una de las parasitosis más importantes que afectan a ambas especies. Es causada por los nematodos Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus rufescens y Muellerius capillaris. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar información reciente sobre verminosis en ovinos y caprinos. Su patogenicidad depende de la cantidad de larvas presentes y su ubicación en el parenquima pulmonar, lo que puede provocar una bronconeumonía, que en ocasiones es mortal. La enfermedad puede ser clínica o subclínica, con signos como tos, taquipnea, secreción nasal y retraso en el crecimiento. El diagnóstico se puede realizar mediante detección de larvas del primer estadio (L1) en heces, utilizando la técnica de Baermann. Para el tratamiento se pueden utilizar benzimidazoles, lactonas macrocíclicas e imidazotiazoles. A pesar de la poca importancia que se le suele dar como verminosis pulmonar, puede provocar afectación a los parámetros productivos y disminuir la ganancia de peso, así como, predisponer a bronconeumonías secundarias, afectando la rentabilidad de las unidades de producción.


Abstract Pulmonary verminosis is one of the most important parasites affecting sheep and goats. It is caused by Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus rufescens and Muellerius capillaris nematodes. The objective of this work was to present recent information on verminosis in sheep and goats. Its pathogenicity depends on the number of larvae and their location in the lung parenchyma, which can cause bronchopneumonia, sometimes fatal. The disease can be clinical or subclinical, with signs such as cough, tachypnea, runny nose, and growth retardation. Diagnosis can be made by detecting first-stage larvae (L1) in feces, using the Baermann technique. Benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones and imidazothiazoles can be used for treatment. Despite the little importance that is usually given to the disease, it can affect production parameters, and decrease weight gain, as well as predispose to secondary bronchopneumonia, affecting the profitability of production units.

5.
Ces med. vet. zootec ; 17(1): 47-57, ene.-abr. 2022. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1404084

ABSTRACT

Resumo A pressão arterial é um parâmetro indispensável na monitorização anestésica. A mensuração da pressão artéria invasiva (iPA) mediante cateterização arterial periférica é confiável, mas requer experiência e pode desencadear complicações. A técnica oscilométrica não é invasiva (NiPA), só requer um manguito sobre uma artéria periférica e a mensuração é automatizada. Não obstante a acurácia da NiPA tem sido pouco explorada e, por tal motivo, este estudo objetivou comparar esta técnica com a iPA em ovelhas e cabras. Foram utilizadas 20 ovelhas e 20 cabras que seriam submetidas a laparoscopia sob anestesia geral. Uma vez em plano anestésico, foi cateterizada a artéria auricular caudal e conectada a um transdutor eletrônico de pressão acoplado a monitor multiparamétrico para mensuração da iPA, sistólica (S), diastólica (D) e média (M). Ao mesmo tempo um manguito de tamanho apropriado foi posicionado sobre a artéria radial e conectado ao mesmo monitor. A cada 5 minutos foram registradas as pressões arteriais por ambos os métodos, posteriormente, comparadas pelo teste Student, correlacionados pelo Pearson e avaliada a concordância pelo Bland-Altman. Nas ovelhas, a PAD foi semelhante e correlacionada entre NiPA e iPA (P=0,69; r=0,65; viés 0,7 ± 13,1 mmHg), já a PAS e PAM foram superestimadas pela NiPA. Em Cabras, a PAM resultou semelhante e correlacionada entre NiPA e iPA (P=0,566; r=0,57; viés 2,4 ± 20,2 mmHg), enquanto PAS foi superestimada e PAD subestimada. Conclui-se que, em ovelhas apenas a PAD e em cabras a PAM, mensuradas pelo método oscilométrico, são alternativas acuradas, factíveis e confiáveis para a monitoração anestésica da pressão arterial.


Abstract Blood pressure is an indispensable parameter in anesthetic monitoring. The measurement of invasive artery pressure (IBP) using peripheral arterial catheterization is reliable but requires experience and can lead to complications. The oscillometric technique is non-invasive (NIBP), it only requires a cuff over a peripheral artery and the measurement is automated. However, the accuracy of PANI has been little explored and, for this reason, this study aimed to compare this technique with PAI in sheep and goats. 20 sheep and 20 goats needed laparoscopy were used under general anesthesia. Once in anesthetic plane, the caudal auricular artery was catheterized and connected to an electronic pressure transducer, coupled to a multiparameter monitor to measure IBP, systolic (S), diastolic (D) and mean (M). At the same time, an appropriately sized cuff was placed over radial artery and connected to the same monitor. Every 5 minutes, blood pressures were recorded by both methods, subsequently compared by the Student test, correlated by Pearson and agreement assessed by the Bland-Altman. In sheep, DBP was similar and correlated between NIBP and IBP (P=0.69; r=0.65; bias 0.7 ± 13.1 mmHg), whereas SBP and MBP were overestimated by NIBP. In goats, MAP was similar and correlated between NIBP and IBP (P=0.566; r=0.57; bias 2.4 ± 20.2 mmHg), while SBP was overestimated and DBP underestimated. It is concluded that, in sheep only DBP and in goats, MBP, measured by the oscillometric method, are accurate, feasible and reliable alternatives for anesthetic monitoring of blood pressure.


Resumen La presión arterial es un parámetro indispensable en la monitorización anestésica. La medición de la presión arterial invasiva (PAI) mediante cateterismo arterial periférico es fiable, requiere experiencia y puede dar complicaciones. La técnica oscilométrica no es invasiva (PANI), requiere un manguito sobre una arteria periférica y medición automatizada. No obstante, la precisión de PANI ha sido poco explorada, por esta razón, este estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar esta técnica con la PAI en ovinos y caprinos. Se utilizaron 20 ovejas y 20 cabras que requerían laparoscopia bajo anestesia general. Una vez en plano anestésico, se cateterizó la arteria auricular caudal y se conectó a transductor de presión electrónico acoplado a monitor multiparamétrico para medir la PAI, sistólica (S), diastólica (D) y media (M). Al mismo tiempo, se colocó un manguito de tamaño adecuado sobre la arteria radial y se conectó al mismo monitor. Cada 5 minutos se registraron las presiones por ambos métodos, posteriormente se compraron por test de Student, correlacionaron por Pearson y se evaluó concordancia por Bland-Altman. En ovejas, la PAD fue similar y se correlacionó entre PANI y PAI (P=0,69; r=0,65; sesgo 0,7 ± 13,1 mmHg), mientras que PAS y MAP fueron sobreestimadas por PANI. En Cabras, la PAM fue similar y se correlacionó entre PANI y PAI (P=0,566; r=0,57; sesgo 2,4 ± 20,2 mmHg), mientras PAS se sobreestimó y PAD se subestimó. Se concluye que, en ovinos solo PAD y en caprinos PAM, medidas por el método oscilométrico son alternativas precisas, factibles y confiables para el monitoreo anestésico de la presión arterial.

6.
Rev. colomb. cienc. pecu ; 35(1)mar. 2022.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535782

ABSTRACT

Background: Novel feeding strategies should be developed to produce high-quality meat in current goat production systems. Objective: To evaluate the effects of castration and the association of spineless cactus with sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior and carcass traits of feedlot kids. Methods: A total of 24 male kids (12 castrated and 12 intact), with an average initial weight of 18.5 ± 3.8 kg were allotted to a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design (sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay; intact or castrated), and confined for 70 days. Results: Nutrient intake and animal performance were similar between treatments. Sugarcane bagasse increased, when compared to elephant grass hay, the digestibility of dry matter (66.12 vs 62.88; p=0.005), crude protein (74.26 vs 70.95; p=0.029) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (91.94 vs 83.07; p<0.001). The forage source affected the time spent resting, ruminating and total chewing time, but there was no effect of diet on feeding and rumination efficiencies. Elephant grass hay increased, when compared to sugarcane bagasse, hot carcass weight (9.87 vs 10.79; p=0.025) and hot carcass yield (43.81 vs 46.87; p=0.013). Intact kids produced heavier hot carcasses when compared with castrated kids (10.80 vs 9.86; p=0.014). Conclusion: Feeding intact or castrated kids with sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay do not affect nutrient intake and performance. Feedlot goats have improved carcass traits if kept intact and fed elephant grass hay.


Antecedentes: Se requiere desarrollar nuevas estrategias de alimentación para producir carne de alta calidad en los sistemas actuales de producción de cabras. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la castración y asociación de palma forrajera con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante sobre la ingesta de nutrientes, digestibilidad, rendimiento, comportamiento de alimentación y caracteristicas de la canal de cabritos de engorde. Métodos: Un total de 24 cabritos (12 castrados y 12 intactos) con peso inicial promedio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg fueron asignados a un diseño factorial 2 x 2 completamente al azar (bagazo de caña de azucar o heno de pasto elefante; castrados o intactos) y confinados durante 70 días. Resultados: La ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento animal fueron similares entre tratamientos. El bagazo de caña de azúcar aumentó, en comparación con el heno de pasto elefante, la digestibilidad de la materia seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), de la proteína cruda (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) y de los carbohidratos no fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). La fuente de forraje afectó el tiempo de descanso, de rumia, y el tiempo total de masticación, pero no hubo efecto de la dieta sobre la eficiencia alimentacia y de la rumia. El heno de pasto elefante aumentó, en comparación con el bagazo, el peso de la canal caliente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) y el rendimiento de la canal caliente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Los animales intactos produjeron canales calientes más pesadas en comparación con los castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusión: La alimentación de cabritos enteros o castrados con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante no afecta la ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento. Los cabritos tienen mejores características de canal si se alimentan con heno de pasto elefante y se dejan enteros.


Antecedentes: Novas estratégias de alimentação devem ser desenvolvidas para produção de carne de qualidade nos atuais sistemas de produção de caprinos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da castração e da associação da palma forrageira com o bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante no consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e características de carcaça de cabritos confinados. Métodos: Um total de 24 caprinos (12 castrados e 12 não castrados), com peso inicial médio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante; inteiros ou castrados), confinados durante 70 dias. Resultados: O consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho dos animais foram semelhante entre os tratamentos. O bagaço de cana elevou, quando comparado com o feno, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), proteína (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) e carboidratos não fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). As fontes de fibra afetaram os tempos de ócio, ruminação e mastigação total, mas não houve efeito para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação. O feno de capim elefante aumentou, quando comparado com o bagaço, o peso de caracaça quente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) e o rendimento de carcaça quente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Os animais inteiros produziram carcaças quentes mais pesadas em comparação aos castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusão: Alimentar caprinos inteiros ou castrados com bagaço de cana ou feno de capim-elefante não interfere no consumo de nutrientes e desempenho. Caprinos confinados terão as características de carcaça melhoradas se mantidos intactos e alimentados com feno de capim elefante.

7.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 31(3): e008722, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1394892

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study evaluated the economic impact of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in Morada Nova lambs under different parasite chemical control conditions. For this, 246 lambs, in the rainy and dry season, were randomized into groups according to their anthelmintic treatment with levamisole: control (CT: no treatment); routine treatment (RT: treated every 42 days); and targeted selective treatment (TST: treated according to the average daily weight gain, DWG). From 63 days of age (D63) to D210, the lambs were weighed and monitored for GIN infection parameters. Spending on anthelmintics in the production system was 1.3% of the total economic result. The economic result per animal (R$ 5.00 = US$ 1.00) was higher in the RT group, amounting to US$ 6.60 in the rainy and US$ 5.69 in the dry season, due to higher DWG. Thus, RT presented economic results 14.4% and 10.9% higher than CT, and 7.2% and 1.9% higher than TST, in the rainy and dry season, respectively. However, fast development of resistance made RT unfeasible. Here, the economic impact of GIN infection on a national scale is discussed, demonstrating its importance and the impossibility of profitable and sustainable sheep production without adequate control.


Resumo Este estudo avaliou o impacto econômico da infecção por nematoides gastrintestinais (NGI), em cordeiros Morada Nova, sob diferentes condições de controle químico dos parasitas. Para isso, 246 cordeiros, na estação chuvosa e seca, foram randomizados em grupos de acordo com o tratamento com levamisol: controle (TC: sem tratamento); tratamento rotineiro (TR: tratado a cada 42 dias); e tratamento seletivo direcionado (TST: tratado de acordo com o ganho de peso médio diário, GMD). Dos 63 dias de idade (D63) ao D210, os cordeiros foram pesados ​​e monitorados quanto aos parâmetros de infecção por NGI. O gasto com anti-helmínticos no sistema produtivo foi de 1,3% do resultado econômico total. O resultado econômico por animal (R$ 5,00 = US$ 1,00) foi maior no grupo RT, totalizando US$ 6,60 na estação chuvosa e US$ 5,69 na seca, devido ao maior GMD. Assim, o RT apresentou resultados econômicos 14,4% e 10,9% superiores ao TC, e 7,2% e 1,9% superiores ao TST, no período chuvoso e seco, respectivamente. Entretanto o rápido desenvolvimento de resistência inviabiliza o TR. O impacto econômico da infecção por NGI em escala nacional são aqui discutidos, demonstrando sua importância e a impossibilidade de uma ovinocultura lucrativa e sustentável sem o controle adequado.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Sheep Diseases/economics , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Helminthiasis, Animal/economics , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Vitamin B 12/administration & dosage , Brazil , Sheep/parasitology , Weight Loss , Levamisole/administration & dosage , Feces/parasitology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy , Helminthiasis, Animal/drug therapy , Hematocrit/veterinary , Injections/veterinary , Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Nematode Infections/drug therapy
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 40(4): 966-972, 2022. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1405250

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Plastination is an anatomical preparate preparation technique characterized by the replacement of tissue fluids with a reactive polymer. Although more challenging and economically costly than many anatomical methods, this method is desirable because of the fact that specimens created in this method are highly similar to the natural appearance of the intended objects, and they are durable and harmless end products for human health. Our main goal was to completely leave out formaldehyde and similar carcinogenic chemicals used in a method like plastination and to allow production of formaldehyde-free plastinates to be used in anatomy training and examinations in our country. To that end, we compared nose and tongue of 10 large ruminants by subjecting them to plastination, 5 of them with formaldehyde and 5 of them without formaldehyde, and aimed to leave formaldehyde out by taking into account the difference between them. Silicone plastination is the most commonly-used and best-known technique among the plastination techniques because specimens created using this technique look aesthetically impressive. Silicone plastination consists mainly of 5 phases. First of all, we obtained the anatomical situs we wanted and made specimens ready by dissecting some of them after fixation and some of them without fixation. Then, after the implementation of a dehydration phase in acetone baths at -25 °C, a forced impregnation phase was implemented by using a mixture of S10-S3 chemical under negative pressure. In the final phase, the curing and hardening phase, the plastination process was completed by giving the specimens their final shape with the use of the S6 solution. As a result, no significant difference was observed between silicone plastination with and without formaldehyde.


RESUMEN: La plastinación es una técnica de preparados anatómicos caracterizada por la sustitución de fluidos tisulares por un polímero reactivo. A pesar de ser económicamente más costoso que muchas métodos anatómicos, este técnica es deseable debido a que las muestras creadas son muy similares a la apariencia natural de los objetos previstos y son productos finales duraderos e inofensivos para la salud humana. Nuestro objetivo principal fue dejar completamente de lado el formaldehído y las sustancias químicas cancerígenas similares utilizadas en un método como la plastinación y permitir la producción de plastinados libres de formaldehído para su uso en la formación y los exámenes de anatomía en nuestro país. Con ese fin, comparamos la nariz y la lengua de 10 rumiantes mayores sometiéndolos a plastinación, 5 de ellos con formaldehído y 5 de ellos sin formaldehído, y buscamos eliminar el formaldehído considerando la diferencia entre ellos. La plastinación con silicona es la técnica más utilizada y más conocida entre las técnicas de plastinación porque los especímenes creados con ella se ven estéticamente impresionantes. La plastinación con silicona consta principalmente de 5 fases. En primer lugar, obtuvimos el situs anatómico que queríamos y preparamos los especímenes diseccionando algunos de ellos después de la fijación y otros sin fijación. Luego, de la implementación de una fase de deshidratación en baños de acetona a -25 °C, se implementó una fase de impregnación forzada utilizando una mezcla del químico S10-S3 a presión negativa. En la fase final, la fase de curado y endurecimiento, se completó el proceso de plastinación dando a los especímenes su forma definitiva con el uso de la solución S6. Como resultado, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre la plastinación con silicona con y sin formaldehído.


Subject(s)
Animals , Silicones/chemistry , Ruminants/anatomy & histology , Formaldehyde/chemistry , Plastination/methods , Acetone
9.
Arq. Inst. Biol. (Online) ; 89: e00582020, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1383684

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, and worldwide disease. It has been known since the beginning of humanity and still negatively influences public health and livestock, especially, in Brazil, in the northeast. Etiologic agents are the mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which is the most important in mammals' involvement. The state of Bahia has 68.7% of its territory located in the semiarid region and holds the largest goat herd in the country. Goat breeding is a social and economic activity that adds value to this region. Up to the present, data on goat tuberculosis is unknown in this state. Thus, this study seeks data on tuberculosis prevalence in goats in a semiarid region of Bahia by using the comparative tuberculin test and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 600 adult animals of both sexes were evaluated. A prevalence of 0.33% (2/600) and 33.33% (1/3) properties were found for positive animals. Each assessed property had a questionnaire to analyze the epidemiological data management and relevant aspects for the disease occurrence. To confirm the positive tuberculin test results, PCR was used to detect and identify the pathogenic mycobacteria involved in the infection. It is concluded that most of the properties performing goat breeding in the region show low technification levels and promote farming between different species. Low prevalence of the disease alerts preventive measures to avoid major proportion situations that could influence the goat breeding in the state.


Subject(s)
Animals , Tuberculin , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Goats/microbiology , Tuberculin Test/veterinary , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
10.
Rev. colomb. cienc. pecu ; 34(4): 254-266, Oct.-Dec. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1408027

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Brewer's grains, a by-product of the brewery industry, can be included in the diet of ruminants. However, its high humidity makes it difficult to store and preserve. Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of sun dehydration of wet brewer's grains (WBG) and the effect of storage period on its nutritional and microbiological quality. Methods: A completely randomized experimental design was used to evaluate WBG dehydration efficiency, with treatments corresponding to 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours of sun exposure. A second experiment was carried out using also a completely randomizeddesign to evaluated the effect of storage with the following treatments: 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of storage of the dry by-product. Results: Dry matter (DM) content linearly increased with dehydration period. The chemical composition of the dried brewer's grains had no effect as a function of storage period. Indigestible protein (C fraction) increased linearly but did not compromise the cumulative gas production and the in vitro digestibility of DM and protein. Storage time had no effect on fungus population. The maximum aflatoxin value was 45.5 μg/kg, and remained within acceptable limits for bovine feed. Conclusion: Dehydration of WBG in the sun is efficient to guarantee conservation and makes it possible to store the by- product. The storage of the dry by-product for 180 days does not compromise its nutritional or microbiological quality.


Resumen Antecedentes: Los granos de cervecería son un subproducto de la industria cervecera que puede ser incluido en la dieta de rumiantes; sin embargo, su alta húmedad dificulta el almacenamiento y conservación de ese producto. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia de la deshidratación al sol de los granos húmedos de cervecería (WBG) y el efecto del período de almacenamiento sobre su calidad nutricional y microbiológica. Métodos: Para evaluar la eficiencia de la deshidratación de los WBG se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con tiempos de tratamiento de 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, y 16 horas de exposición al sol. En un segundo experimento, también con diseño experimental completamente al azar, se evaluó el efecto del almacenamiento comparando los siguientes tratamientos: 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 y 180 días de almacenamiento del subproducto seco. Resultados: La materia seca (DM) del WBG presentó un efecto lineal creciente con el proceso de deshidratación. La composición química de los granos secos de cervecería no tuvo efecto en función de los tiempos de almacenamiento. La proteína no digestible (fracción C) aumentó linealmente; sin embargo, no comprometió la producción acumulativa de gas y la digestibilidad in vitro de la DM y de la proteína. El tiempo de almacenamiento no tuvo efecto sobre la población de hongos. El valor máximo de aflatoxina obtenido fue de 45,5 μg/kg y permaneció dentro de los limites aceptables para alimentación de bovinos. Conclusión: La deshidratación de WBG al sol es eficiente para garantizar la conservación del material y viabilizar su almacenamiento. El almacenamiento por 180 días de este subproducto seco no compromete su calidad nutricional y microbiológica.


Resumo Antecedentes: Os grãos de cervejaria são um subproduto que podem ser incluídos na dieta de ruminantes, no entanto sua forma úmida dificulta o armazenamento e a conservação desse produto. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficiência de desidratação ao sol dos grãos úmidos de cervejaria (WBG) e o efeito do período de armazenamento sobre a qualidade nutricional e microbiológica. Métodos: Para avaliar a desidratação do WBG, utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo os tratamentos os tempos de 0 e 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16 horas de exposição ao sol. Um segundo experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias de armazenamento do subproduto seco. Resultados: A matéria seca (DM) do WBG apresentou efeito linear crescente com o processo de desidratação. A composição química dos grãos secos de cervejaria não apresentou efeito em função dos tempos de armazenagem. A proteína indigestível (Fração C) aumentou linearmente, no entanto não comprometeu a produção cumulativa de gás e a digestibilidade in vitro da DM e da proteína. A população de fungos não apresentou efeito com o tempo de armazenamento. O valor máximo de aflatoxina obtido foi de 45,5 μg/kg e permaneceu dentro dos limites aceitáveis para a alimentação de bovinos. Conclusão: A desidratação do WBG ao sol foi eficiente em garantir a conservação do material e viabilizar o seu armazenamento. A estocagem desse subproduto seco por 180 dias não comprometeu a sua qualidade nutricional e microbiológica.

11.
Rev. med. vet. (Bogota) ; (42): 51-57, ene.-jun. 2021. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1365910

ABSTRACT

Resumen El selenio (Se) es un componente indispensable dentro de los sistemas antioxidantes del organismo animal, lo que permite su correcto mantenimiento y desarrollo. Por este motivo, su deficiencia se encuentra relacionada con una serie de trastornos oxidativos, que se traducen en una mala salud, reproducción y rendimiento productivo en general. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el balance metabólico nutricional de Se, a través de la medición de las concentraciones sanguíneas del mineral en un establecimiento rural ubicado en la zona central de Chile, en donde existen antecedentes de episodios de mortandad compatibles con su deficiencia. Para esto, se tomaron muestras sanguíneas de caprinos pertenecientes al establecimiento (n = 32), las cuales fueron analizadas mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica en el laboratorio de bioquímica de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, ubicado en Balcarce, Argentina. Se obtuvo un promedio de Se sanguíneo de 34,16 ± 14,81 ppb, en donde el 100 % de los animales analizados presentaron valores inadecuados para la especie. En el caso de los caprinos juveniles (n = 5), se obtuvo un promedio de 18,48 ± 8,51 ppb. En el ganado adulto (n = 27), los valores bordearon concentraciones de 8,12 y 63,35 ppb. Se concluye que existe una deficiencia de Se crítica en los animales muestreados pertenecientes al establecimiento ubicado en la zona central de Chile.


Abstract Selenium (Se) is a component indispensable for the antioxidant systems of animal bodies. It enables a correct maintenance and development. For this reason, a Se deficiency is associated with some oxidative disorders that result in bad health, bad reproduction and poor productive performance in general. This study aims to evaluate the Se nutritional metabolic balance by measuring the blood concentrations thereof in a farm located in Central Chile, with existing background of mortality events compatible with a Se deficiency. To do so, blood samples were taken from goats belonging to this farm (n = 32) that were subject to atomic absorption spectrophotometry at the biochemistry laboratory in the Agricultural Experimental Station, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, located in Balcarce, Argentina. Blood average Se was measured at 34.16 ± 14.81 ppb and 100% of the studied animals showed inappropriate values for this species. In the young goats (n = 5) the average value was 18.48 ± 8.51 ppb. In the adult goats (n = 27) the values were near 8.12 and 63.35 ppb. It is concluded that there is a critical Se deficiency in the sample taken from the farm located in Central Chile.

12.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(3): 622-630, May-June 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1278347

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the physiological and hematological parameters of sheep in Brazil. Therefore, 5,081 observations were used from previous experiments with animals from different Brazilian regions with the time of day, gender, breed, age, physiological characteristics, hematological and climatic variables. The animals were classified according to their stress level, and only data of non-stressed animals were used to calculate the reference values. Respiratory rate was the parameter that most differed from the normal range, with values ​​above the limits usually reported for the species, being higher in commercial wool sheep. For hematological variables, differences were observed between the present results and the previously reported values in the literature. A higher number of red blood cells (RBC), lower hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed in young animals. A higher number of RBC and MCHC were noted in sheep crossed with local breeds. Considering that physiological and hematological parameters are indicators of the animal's pathological or physiological state, for a correct interpretation of the results, the use of reference values based on animals with similar racial characteristics and subjected to similar environmental conditions is recommended.(AU)


O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos no Brasil. Portanto, foram utilizadas 5.081 observações de experimentos anteriores com animais de diversas regiões do Brasil, com diferentes horário, sexo, raça, idade, características fisiológicas, variáveis ​​hematológicas e climáticas. Os animais foram classificados de acordo com o nível de estresse, e apenas os dados dos animais não estressados ​​foram utilizados para o cálculo dos valores de referência. A frequência respiratória foi o parâmetro que mais diferiu em relação à normalidade, com valores acima dos limites usualmente relatados para a espécie, sendo maior em ovinos de lã comercial. Para as variáveis ​​hematológicas, também foram verificadas diferenças entre os resultados observados e os valores previamente relatados na literatura. Maior número de hemácias, menor hemoglobina e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHbCM) foram observados em animais jovens e maior número de hemácias e CHbCM em ovinos cruzados com raças locais. Considerando que os parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos são indicadores do estado patológico ou fisiológico do animal, para uma correta interpretação dos resultados recomenda-se a utilização de valores de referência baseados em animais com características raciais semelhantes e submetidos a condições ambientais também semelhantes.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep/physiology , Sheep/blood , Reference Values , Tropical Climate , Body Temperature , Brazil , Respiratory Rate , Hematologic Tests/veterinary
13.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 28(2): 92-96, abr./jun. 2021. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1491708

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia inseticida in vitro do óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis sobre Bovicolaovis. Os espécimes (n = 900) de B.ovis foram coletados de ovinos naturalmente infestados, distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos, e submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: (G1) 1.000 a 15,6 mg/ml óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis; (G2) Tween 80 a 3% (controle negativo), e: (G3) Amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). Realizou-se 4 réplicas (25 piolhos por réplica) para cada tratamento. A viabilidade dos piolhos foi avaliada nos tempos de 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 h. Os dados foram expressos em eficácia média ± desvio padrão (SPSS versão 23.0) e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para obtenção da CI50e CI90 foi realizada Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p< 0,05. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis nas concentrações de 100 a 62,5 mg/mL apresentaram eficácia de 100%, 1 h pós-exposição. Os valores de CI50 e CI90 foram 18,1 mg/mL e 44,9 mg/mL, respectivamente. Dessa forma, concluímos que o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou eficácia sobre B.ovis in vitro.


The objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro insecticidal efficacy of the essential oil of Lippia gracilis against Bovicolaovis. The specimens (n = 900) of B.ovis were collected from naturally infested sheep, randomly distributed in groups, and subjected to different treatments: (G1) 1,000 to 15.6 mg/ml essential oil of Lippia gracilis; (G2) 3% Tween 80 (negative control), and: (G3) Amitraz 1.25 g/mL (positive control). 4 replicates (25 lice per replica) were performed for each treatment. Louse viability was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. The data were expressed as mean efficacy ± standard deviation (SPSS version 23.0) and statistical differences in the experimental groups were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman. Probit regression was performed to obtain the IC50 and CI90, with a significance level of p <0.05. The essential oil of L. gracilis at concentrations of 100 to 62.5 mg/mL showed 100% efficacy, 1 h post-exposure. The IC50 and CI90 values were 18.1 mg/mL and 44.9 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, we conclude that L. gracilis essential oil is effective on B. ovis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Phytochemicals , Insecticides/analysis , Ruminants/physiology , Oils, Volatile/toxicity , Lippia/toxicity , In Vitro Techniques
14.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 28(2): 92-96, abr./jun. 2021. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1367423

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia inseticida in vitro do óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis sobre Bovicolaovis. Os espécimes (n = 900) de B.ovis foram coletados de ovinos naturalmente infestados, distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos, e submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: (G1) 1.000 a 15,6 mg/ml óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis; (G2) Tween 80 a 3% (controle negativo), e: (G3) Amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). Realizou-se 4 réplicas (25 piolhos por réplica) para cada tratamento. A viabilidade dos piolhos foi avaliada nos tempos de 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 h. Os dados foram expressos em eficácia média ± desvio padrão (SPSS versão 23.0) e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para obtenção da CI50e CI90 foi realizada Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p< 0,05. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis nas concentrações de 100 a 62,5 mg/mL apresentaram eficácia de 100%, 1 h pós-exposição. Os valores de CI50 e CI90 foram 18,1 mg/mL e 44,9 mg/mL, respectivamente. Dessa forma, concluímos que o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou eficácia sobre B.ovis in vitro.


The objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro insecticidal efficacy of the essential oil of Lippia gracilis against Bovicolaovis. The specimens (n = 900) of B.ovis were collected from naturally infested sheep, randomly distributed in groups, and subjected to different treatments: (G1) 1,000 to 15.6 mg/ml essential oil of Lippia gracilis; (G2) 3% Tween 80 (negative control), and: (G3) Amitraz 1.25 g/mL (positive control). 4 replicates (25 lice per replica) were performed for each treatment. Louse viability was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. The data were expressed as mean efficacy ± standard deviation (SPSS version 23.0) and statistical differences in the experimental groups were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman. Probit regression was performed to obtain the IC50 and CI90, with a significance level of p <0.05. The essential oil of L. gracilis at concentrations of 100 to 62.5 mg/mL showed 100% efficacy, 1 h post-exposure. The IC50 and CI90 values were 18.1 mg/mL and 44.9 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, we conclude that L. gracilis essential oil is effective on B. ovis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Lice Infestations/veterinary , Oils, Volatile/therapeutic use , Lippia/toxicity , Insecticides , Sheep/parasitology , Phytotherapeutic Drugs
15.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(1): 25-33, Jan.-Feb. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1153055

ABSTRACT

The present study provides the first evaluation of the endoparasite profile in dairy cattle from the microregion of São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil, including seasonal variations in parasitic infections. Fecal samples were collected directly from rectum of 123 dairy cows and 160 calves on 15 farms. These were kept in insulated boxes and sent for immediate analysis. Using eggs per gram of feces (EPG) we found the following prevalences: Strongyloidea 43.5%, Moniezia sp. 7.6% and both Strongyloides sp. and Trichuris spp. 2.2%, in dairy cows. In calves, the prevalence was Strongyloidea 50.9%, Moniezia sp. 5.6% and Strongyloides sp. 1.9%. The third-stage larvae recovered from coprocultures from cows and calves consisted mainly of Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp. and Ostertagia spp. EPG counts were significantly higher in calves. Regarding seasonality, the EPG counts and prevalence of Moniezia sp. tended to be higher in the dry period, whereas those of Strongyloidea were higher in the rainy season. Evidence suggests that parasite control and prophylaxis were inadequately managed on the farms studied here. The present parasitological profile correlates with those found by other similar studies, indicating that the main problem is still the inadequate management of parasite control and prophylaxis by farmers.(AU)


O presente estudo representa a primeira avaliação do perfil de endoparasitos em bovinos leiteiros da microrregião de São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e das variações sazonais das infecções parasitárias. Foram avaliadas amostras fecais de 123 vacas e 160 bezerros de 15 propriedades rurais, coletadas diretamente do reto, mantidas em caixas térmicas isoladas e analisadas imediatamente. A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) revelou prevalências de 43,5% de Strongyloidea, 7,6% de Moniezia sp. e 2,2% de Strongyloides sp. e Trichuris spp. em vacas leiteiras. As prevalências de OPG em bezerros foram 50,9% de Strongyloidea, 5,6% de Moniezia sp. e 1,9% de Strongyloides sp. As larvas do terceiro estádio recuperadas de coproculturas de vacas e bezerros foram principalmente de Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp. e Ostertagia spp. OPG dos parasitos foram significativamente maiores em bezerros. Em relação à sazonalidade, OPG e a prevalência de Moniezia sp. tenderam a ser maiores durante a estação seca, enquanto OPG de Strongyloidea foram maiores na estação chuvosa. Com base nos resultados, é possível concluir que o manejo antiparasitário nas propriedades estudadas não é realizado de maneira plenamente satisfatória. O presente perfil parasitológico se assemelha a outros encontrados em estudos semelhantes, indicando que o maior problema ainda é o manejo antiparasitário inadequado realizado nas propriedades de bovinos leiteiros.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology , Strongyloidea/isolation & purification , Strongyloides/isolation & purification , Trichuris/isolation & purification , Haemonchus/isolation & purification , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Brazil/epidemiology , Dry Season , Rainy Season
16.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 41: e06856, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1340358

ABSTRACT

This paper aimed to describe the main clinico-epidemiological, laboratory, and anatomopathological findings in 10 cattle affected with caudal vena cava thrombosis. The main clinical signs observed were decreased milk production, reduced appetite, apathy, impairment of ruminal motility, cardiorespiratory disorders (tachycardia and tachypnea), epistaxis, hemoptysis, and ascites. Intercurrent diseases such as mastitis, metritis, and phlebitis were verified. The hematological findings were mild anemia, leukocytosis due to neutrophilia with regenerative left shift, and hyperfibrinogenemia. The pathological exams revealed thrombi in the caudal vena cava, hepatomegaly, ascites, liver abscesses, pulmonary edema and emphysema, and abscesses in the lungs. The association of epidemiological information, clinical signs such as respiratory distress, epistaxis or hemoptysis, in addition to anemia and leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, as well as the occurrence of thrombus in the caudal vena cava as pathological findings, are indicative elements of the clinical picture of vena cava thrombosis in cattle. It is reiterated that this disease has an unfavorable prognosis and, when diagnosed, the animal must be culled.(AU)


Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever os principais achados clínico-epidemiológicos, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicos de 10 bovinos diagnosticados com trombose da veia cava caudal. Os principais achados clínicos foram redução da produção leiteira, diminuição do apetite, apatia, comprometimento da dinâmica ruminal, alterações cardio-respiratórias (taquicardia e taquipnéia), epistaxe, hemoptise e ascite. Foi constatada a ocorrência de doenças intercorrentes como mastite, metrite e flebite. O hemograma revelou discreta anemia, leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio para esquerda regenerativo e hiperfibrinogenemia. No exame anatomopatológico revelou trombos localizados na veia cava caudal, hepatomegalia, ascite e abscessos hepáticos; além de abscessos, enfisema e edema pulmonares. A associação de informações epidemiológicas, sinais clínicos como desconforto respiratório, epistaxe ou hemoptise, além de anemia e leucocitose por neutrofilia, bem como a ocorrência de trombo na veia cava caudal como achados patológicos são elementos indicativos do quadro clínico de trombose de veia cava em bovinos. Reitera-se que essa doença tem prognóstico desfavorável e, quando diagnosticada, o animal deve ser abatido.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Thromboembolism/pathology , Thrombosis/pathology , Vascular Diseases/pathology , Cattle , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/veterinary
17.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(3): e010921, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1341184

ABSTRACT

Abstract The effectiveness of four anthelmintic classes on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, was evaluated. Twenty farms were used, testing 40 animals in each one, totaling 800 animals. Cattle were divided into four groups composed with ten animals: I, treated with albendazole sulfoxide 15%; II, treated with ivermectin 1%; III, treated with closantel 25%; IV, treated with levamisole hydrochloride 7.5%. All treatments were administered subcutaneously. For the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), individual fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and sent for analysis of egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and larval cultures. It was observed that multiresistance was present in 95% (19/20) of the farms. Resistance to ivermectin and albendazole was observed in 95% (19/20), to closantel in 75% (15/20) and to levamisole in 20% (4/20). The most used management system was semi-intensive (75%; 15/20) and the ivermectin was the most reported drug for controlling helminths (65%; 13/20). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent helminth genus. It was concluded that the anthelmintic resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes is high in the semi-arid of Paraíba State, Brazil, with multiresistance observed mainly to ivermectin, albendazole and closantel.


Resumo Avaliou-se a eficácia de quatro classes de anti-helmínticos sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos na região semiárida da Paraíba, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 20 fazendas, sendo testados 40 animais em cada uma, totalizando 800 animais. Os bovinos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos compostos por dez animais: I, tratado com sulfóxido de albendazol 15%; II, tratado com ivermectina 1%; III, tratado com closantel 25%; IV, tratado com cloridrato de levamisole 7,5%. Para o Teste de Redução da Contagem de Ovos Fecais (TRCOF), amostras fecais individuais foram coletadas nos dias 0 e 14 e enviadas para análises de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coproculturas. Observou-se que a multirressistência estava presente em 95% (19/20) das fazendas. Foi observada resistência à ivermectina e ao albendazol, em 95% das fazendas (19/20); ao closantel, em 75% (15/20) e, ao levamisole, em 20% (4/20). O sistema de manejo mais utilizado foi o semi-intensivo (75%; 15/20) e a ivermectina foi o fármaco mais relatado para controle de verminose (65%; 13/20). O gênero de helminto mais prevalente foi Haemonchus spp. (76,7%). Conclui-se que é alta a resistência anti-helmíntica por nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos no Semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil, com multirressistência observada principalmente à ivermectina, ao albendazol e ao closantel.


Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Haemonchus , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Nematoda , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Brazil , Drug Resistance , Cattle , Sheep , Feces
18.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(4): e013121, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1351879

ABSTRACT

Abstract The objective of this study was to provide the first report of resistance of Haemonchus contortus to monepantel in sheep in Espírito Santo. The study was conducted in a property with history of monepantel use since 2014 and register of low efficacy in studies conducted over the past few years with fecal egg count reduction test. Lambs born on the property (males and females aged approximately 100 days) were selected and after eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis on fecal samples, these were divided into two groups: a group treated with monepantel (2.5 mg / Kg) and a control group without anthelmintic treatment. Seven days later, the animals were euthanized to recover parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. The efficacy of the treatment was 61.35% against H. contortus, thus proving that anthelmintic resistance to monepantel was present.


Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer o primeiro relato de resistência de Haemonchus contortus ao monepantel em ovinos no Espírito Santo. O estudo foi conduzido em uma propriedade com histórico de uso de monepantel, desde 2014, e registro de baixa eficácia em estudos conduzidos nos últimos anos, utilizando-se testes de redução de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Cordeiros nascidos na propriedade (machos e fêmeas com idade aproximada de 100 dias) foram selecionados e, após contagem de OPG, foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo tratado com monepantel (2,5 mg / kg) e um grupo controle, sem tratamento com anti-helmíntico. Após 7 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados para a recuperação dos parasitos no trato gastrointestinal. O tratamento apresentou eficácia de 61,35% para H. contortus, comprovando que a resistência anti-helmíntica ao monepantel foi presente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Haemonchiasis/drug therapy , Haemonchiasis/veterinary , Haemonchus , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Brazil , Drug Resistance , Sheep , Feces , Aminoacetonitrile/analogs & derivatives
19.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 49: Pub. 1837, 2021. mapa, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1363605

ABSTRACT

Considering the importance of leptospirosis in sheep farming and public health and the significance of identifying which serogroups circulate in sheep within each region, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of the most frequent serogroups causing infection by Leptospira sp. in ovine herds in the Northeast region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 4197 sheep from 229 herds in 7 Northeastern States. Sera were analyzed via microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The frequency of seroreactive sheep for Leptospira sp. was 14.06%. The states of Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, located in the Caatinga biome, had the highest frequencies of serologically reactive sheep, and Maranhão, in the Cerrado biome, had the lowest frequency. The most frequent serogroups were Autumnalis (19.49%), Australis (15.76%) and Serjoe (14.41%). In the states of Ceará, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, 100% of their municipalities had at least one seroreactive animal. The highest frequencies of seropositive animals were found in the municipalities of União (50%), Passagem (49.06%), Canindé (48.89%), Igaci (28.95%), Gararu (31.2%), Pirapemas (17.5%), and Angicos (16%) located in the states of Piauí, Paraíba, Ceará, Alagoas, Sergipe, Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte, respectively. The animal-level prevalence (14.06%) obtained in the present study is significant, especially considering the rustic nature of the species and the adverse conditions of the region for the infectious agent. In semi-arid conditions, it has been suggested that perhaps sheep do not seroconvert detectable titers on MAT with a cut-off point of 1:100. It is important to highlight that the ovine population in the Northeast region of Brazil is composed of mixed animals, which have been considered more resistant to infection by Leptospira spp. Also, environmental factors hostile to the survival of the infectious agent in the studied region should be taken into consideration, since they may have influenced the seropositive animal-level prevalence. A noteworthy variation was observed in agglutinin titers, which ranged from 100 to 1,600, where 80.2% of the positive samples had titers ≤ 200. It is important to highlight that more elevated titers (≥ 400) were obtained in all seven states, which may suggest an acute infection caused by a non-adapted serovar, indicating that preventive and control measures focused on possible infection sources for sheep should be adopted. Although some states showed the same serogroups as the most frequent, a variety of serogroups was observed in municipalities, which may indicate different sources of infection, whether interspecies, intraspecies, or via alternative routes of transmission in semi-arid conditions, such as venereal. This indicates that even though sheep are more resistant to infection, they become exposed due to the environment or management conditions. As such, identification, isolation, and treatment of the affected animals are alternative measures recommended for prevention and control of leptospirosis in sheep in the semi-arid region. It is evident that despite the lack of rain observed in the last decade in the Northeast region of Brazil, which prevented the formation of favorable environments for the presence of Leptospira, the infectious agent remains among the sheep, as well as other production and wild animals in the region. Some factors may be contributing to this scenario, such as the fact that sheep farming in the region is = characterized mainly by subsistence systems, where veterinary assistance and adequate sanitary management are absent, thus increasing the possibility of contact with Leptospira. (AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep/blood , Bacterial Zoonoses/epidemiology , Leptospira/isolation & purification , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Prevalence , Neglected Diseases/epidemiology
20.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 41: e06921, 2021. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1287506

ABSTRACT

Plants of the genus Brachiaria, used in several countries as forage, are poisonous to some livestock species. Their toxic principle is protodioscin, and the main form of clinical presentation of the toxicosis is hepatogenous photosensitization. Here we compare protodioscin levels in B. decumbens and B. brizantha and review the literature on the concentrations and methodologies of collection and analysis of the toxic principle in Brachiaria spp. and the risk of contamination of pastures by more toxic species that may facilitate poisoning by plants of this genus in sheep. The experiment was conducted in pastures originally formed by B. brizantha, with many B. decumbens invasion points. The occurrence of cases of poisoning by Brachiaria spp. was the criterion for confirming pasture toxicity. The forage samples were collected at ten random points every 28 days through manual grazing simulation. The samples were analyzed for protodioscin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with light scattering by evaporation (ELSD) after being dried and crushed. In the flock of 69 sheep, five poisoning cases occurred, three sheep died, and two recovered. The protodioscin levels found in the evaluated pastures ranged from 0.70 to 0.45%; higher levels appeared in B. decumbens (7.09%) compared to 1.04% in B. brizantha. We suggest that Brachiaria spp. should be avoided in pastures where sheep are grazing.(AU)


Plantas do gênero Brachiaria, utilizadas em vários países como forragem, são tóxicas para várias espécies pecuárias. Seu princípio tóxico é a protodioscina, e a principal forma de apresentação clínica da toxicose é a fotossensibilização hepatógena. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os níveis de protodioscina em B. decumbens e B. brizantha e revisar a literatura sobre as concentrações e metodologias de coleta e análise do princípio tóxico em Brachiaria spp. e o risco de contaminação das pastagens por espécies mais tóxicas que podem facilitar a intoxicação por plantas desse gênero em ovinos. O experimento foi conduzido em pastagens originalmente formadas por B. brizantha, com diversos pontos de invasão por B. decumbens. Ocorrência de casos de intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. foi o critério para confirmação da toxicidade da pastagem. As amostras de forragem foram coletadas a cada 28 dias em dez pontos aleatórios por meio de simulação de pastejo manual. As amostras foram analisadas para protodioscina por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com dispersão de luz por evaporação (ELSD) após serem secadas e trituradas. No rebanho de 69 ovelhas, cinco desenvolveram a intoxicação, três morreram e duas se recuperaram. Os níveis de protodioscina encontrados nas pastagens avaliadas variaram de 0,70 a 0,45%; níveis mais elevados apareceram em B. decumbens (7,09%) em comparação com 1,04% em B. brizantha. Sugerimos que Brachiaria spp. deve ser evitada no pasto de ovelhas em pastejo.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Plant Poisoning , Ruminants , Sheep , Pasture , Brachiaria , Photosensitivity Disorders , Toxicity , Literature
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